References

Beginner-friendly references for web development, with live, editable examples.

The JavaScript Spread ... operator

Operator JavaScript All modern browsers Updated
Quick answer

The spread operator ... expands an array, object or iterable into its individual elements. [...a, ...b] merges arrays; {...obj} copies an object; Math.max(...nums) passes array items as arguments. The same ... syntax in a function parameter is the rest operator, which gathers arguments into an array.

Overview

The spread operator, three dots, takes a collection and spreads it out into individual pieces. In an array literal, [...arr] drops in every element of arr; [...a, ...b] is a clean way to merge two arrays (the modern stand-in for concat()). With objects, {...obj} copies its properties, and {...defaults, ...overrides} merges them — overrides winning.

It's also how you turn an array back into separate arguments. Math.max() wants individual numbers, not an array, so Math.max(...nums) spreads the array into arguments. This combo — array in, spread to a function expecting separate values — is everywhere.

One source of confusion: the identical ... syntax means the opposite thing in a function's parameter list. There it's the rest operator: function sum(...nums) gathers all the arguments into an array. Same three dots, mirror-image jobs — spread expands, rest collects. Note that spread makes a shallow copy, so nested objects are still shared by reference.

Syntax

// spread (expand)
const merged = [...arr1, ...arr2];
const copy   = { ...original };
Math.max(...numbers);

// rest (collect) - in a parameter list
function sum(...nums) { /* nums is an array */ }

Example

Live example 
<pre id="out" style="font:15px ui-monospace,monospace"></pre>
<script>
  const a = [1, 2];
  const b = [3, 4];

  const merged = [...a, ...b];
  const max = Math.max(...merged);
  const copy = { ...{ x: 1 }, y: 2 };

  document.getElementById('out').textContent =
    'merged: ' + merged.join(', ') + '\n' +
    'max:    ' + max + '\n' +
    'object: ' + JSON.stringify(copy);
</script>

Best practices

  • Merge arrays with [...a, ...b] and objects with {...a, ...b} — clean and non-mutating.
  • Copy with [...arr] or {...obj}, remembering it's a shallow copy.
  • Spread an array into a function that wants separate arguments: fn(...args).
  • Use ...rest in parameters to collect a variable number of arguments into an array.

Frequently asked questions

What does the spread operator (...) do?
It expands an array, object or iterable into individual elements — for copying, merging, or passing as separate function arguments.
What is the difference between spread and rest?
Same ... syntax, opposite jobs: spread expands a collection into pieces; rest gathers function arguments into an array. Rest appears in a parameter list.
How do I copy an array or object with spread?
Use [...arr] for an array or {...obj} for an object. Both are shallow copies.
How do I merge two arrays?
Use [...first, ...second] — the modern equivalent of concat().
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